Thomas Spencer has a Masters in Carbon Management, focusing on energy economics and regulation, from the University of Edinburgh. He has 10 years’ experience in the fields of energy and climate change policy in Europe, China and India. He was Director of the Energy and Climate Change Program at the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI) in Paris, France. He was a member of the French delegation that organised COP21 in 2015, which resulted in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. Between 2017 and 2021, he was a Fellow at the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in New Delhi, India, where his work focused on modelling the expansion and operation of the Indian electricity system under increasing shares of variable renewables. In March 2021, Thomas joined the Energy Modelling Office of the International Energy Agency (IEA).